Quantum Machine Learning

• Quantum computing basics：qubits、superposition、entanglement、measurement
• Quantum gates：Pauli（X, Y, Z）、Hadamard、CNOT、Toffoli、rotation gates
• Quantum circuits：circuit model、parameterised circuits、depth 与 width
• Variational quantum algorithms：VQE、QAOA、variational classifiers
• Quantum kernel methods：quantum feature maps、quantum support vector machines
• Quantum neural networks：将 parameterised quantum circuits 作为 neural layers
• Barren plateaus：quantum circuits 中的 vanishing gradients、expressibility 与 trainability 的权衡
• Quantum advantage debate：NISQ 时代局限、fault-tolerant quantum computing 时间线
• Hybrid classical-quantum architectures：在 classical pipelines 中加入 quantum layers